Update LAB3/Readme.md

- add led_level_controller Const

LAB2/Readme.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# LAB2 Project Presentation
+
+## Project Description
+
+The LAB2 project consists of the design and implementation of a digital system for image processing and data communication. The system is composed of several functional blocks, each responsible for a specific task in the processing pipeline. The main objectives are:
+
+- Receive and process image data
+- Perform color space conversion (e.g., RGB to grayscale)
+- Apply convolution filters to the image
+- Packetize the processed data for transmission
+- Support loopback and test modes for verification
+
+## Block Diagram
+
+Below is a conceptual block diagram of the LAB2 system:
+
+```mermaid
+flowchart LR
+    IN[PC] -.-> UART[UART]
+    UART -.-> IN
+    UART --> DEPACK[Depack]
+    DEPACK --> C2G[Color to Grayscale Converter]
+    C2G --> BRAM[BRAM Writer]
+    BRAM --> Underflow
+    BRAM -->Overflow
+    BRAM -->Ok
+    BRAM <-.-> CONV[Convolution Filter]
+    BRAM <-.-> CONV
+    CONV --> PACK[Packetizer]
+    PACK --> UART
+```
+
+## Areas for Improvement
+
+- In loopback mode, when sending an empty packet (FFF1), the module temporarily stores H and F and prepends them to the header of the next packet. There is an error in the pack/depack logic.
+- The implementation of the depacketizer is complex, and the precise error has not been identified.
+- The color conversion (C2G) uses a divider by 3, but the approximation method is unclear (it sums half of the power-of-two factor used in the divider—why?). -> Just add comments explainig how it works
+- Convolution is performed with various unconstrained integers.
+- In general, the VHDL code is somewhat complex, although generally correct. Aim to simplify and make the code more readable.

LAB3/Readme.md

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# LAB3 Project Presentation
+
+## Project Description
+
+*To be completed: Add a description of the LAB3 project here.*
+
+## Block Diagram
+
+*To be completed: Add a block diagram of the LAB3 system here (e.g., using Mermaid or an image).* 
+
+## Areas for Improvement
+
+- JSTK: Non-atomicity in writing to the RGB LED; the rest is well done and clear.
+- Mute: (IF s_axis_tvalid = '1' AND m_axis_tready = '1' THEN) AXIS error; s_axis_tready should be checked. The original would be correct if s_axis_tready was directly connected to m_axis_tready. As written, it waits for ready to assert valid.
+- Volume controller: Waits for ready to assert valid (IF s_axis_tvalid = '1' AND m_axis_tready = '1' THEN).
+- Balance: (IF s_axis_tvalid = '1' AND m_axis_tready = '1' THEN) AXI condition is incorrect; the rest is correct.

LAB3/src/LFO.vhd

@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@ LIBRARY IEEE;
 USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
 USE IEEE.NUMERIC_STD.ALL;
 
--- Entity: LFO (Low Frequency Oscillator)
--- Purpose: Applies tremolo effect to audio by modulating amplitude with a triangular wave
---          Creates classic audio effects like vibrato, tremolo, and amplitude modulation
---          Implements a 3-stage pipeline for efficient real-time audio processing
+-- Entity: LFO (Low Frequency Oscillator) - Alternative Implementation
+-- Purpose: Applies effect to audio by modulating amplitude with a triangular wave
+--          This is a simplified, single-process implementation compared to the pipelined version
+--          Provides real-time audio amplitude modulation for musical effects
 ENTITY LFO IS
     GENERIC (
         CHANNEL_LENGHT : INTEGER := 24;              -- Bit width of audio samples (24-bit signed)
         JOYSTICK_LENGHT : INTEGER := 10;             -- Bit width of joystick input (10-bit = 0-1023 range)
         CLK_PERIOD_NS : INTEGER := 10;               -- Clock period in nanoseconds (10ns = 100MHz)
-        TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT : INTEGER := 10    -- Bit width of triangular wave counter (affects modulation depth)
+        TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT : INTEGER := 10    -- Triangular wave counter length (affects modulation depth)
     );
     PORT (
         -- Clock and Reset
@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@ ENTITY LFO IS
 
         -- Slave AXI Stream interface (audio input)
         s_axis_tvalid : IN STD_LOGIC;                                      -- Input data valid signal
-        s_axis_tdata : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0);  -- Audio sample input
+        s_axis_tdata : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0);   -- Audio sample input
         s_axis_tlast : IN STD_LOGIC;                                       -- Channel indicator (0=left, 1=right)
         s_axis_tready : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                     -- Ready to accept input data
 
         -- Master AXI Stream interface (audio output)
         m_axis_tvalid : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                     -- Output data valid signal
-        m_axis_tdata : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0); -- Modulated audio sample output
+        m_axis_tdata : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0);  -- Modulated audio sample output
         m_axis_tlast : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                      -- Channel indicator passthrough
         m_axis_tready : IN STD_LOGIC                                       -- Downstream ready signal
     );
@@ -38,219 +38,188 @@ END ENTITY LFO;
 
 ARCHITECTURE Behavioral OF LFO IS
 
-    -- Constants for LFO timing configuration
-    CONSTANT BASE_PERIOD_MICROSECONDS : INTEGER := 1000;  -- Base period: 1ms (1kHz base frequency)
-    CONSTANT FREQUENCY_ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR : INTEGER := 90;  -- Frequency adjustment sensitivity (clock cycles per joystick unit)
-    CONSTANT JOYSTICK_CENTER_VALUE : INTEGER := 2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1);  -- Joystick center position (512 for 10-bit)
+    -- LFO timing configuration constants
+    CONSTANT LFO_COUNTER_BASE_PERIOD_US : INTEGER := 1000; -- Base period: 1ms (1kHz base frequency)
+    CONSTANT ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR : INTEGER := 90;             -- Frequency adjustment sensitivity (clock cycles per joystick unit)
+    CONSTANT JSTK_CENTER_VALUE : INTEGER := 2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1); -- Joystick center position (512 for 10-bit)
 
     -- Calculate base clock cycles for 1ms period at current clock frequency
-    CONSTANT BASE_CLOCK_CYCLES : INTEGER := BASE_PERIOD_MICROSECONDS * 1000 / CLK_PERIOD_NS;
+    CONSTANT LFO_COUNTER_BASE_CLK_CYCLES : INTEGER := LFO_COUNTER_BASE_PERIOD_US * 1000 / CLK_PERIOD_NS; -- 1ms = 100,000 clk cycles
 
     -- Calculate frequency range limits based on joystick range
-    -- Minimum frequency (fastest LFO): occurs when joystick is at minimum position
-    CONSTANT MIN_CLOCK_CYCLES : INTEGER := BASE_CLOCK_CYCLES - FREQUENCY_ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR * (2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1));
-    -- Maximum frequency (slowest LFO): occurs when joystick is at maximum position
-    CONSTANT MAX_CLOCK_CYCLES : INTEGER := BASE_CLOCK_CYCLES + FREQUENCY_ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR * (2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1) - 1);
+    CONSTANT LFO_CLK_CYCLES_MIN : INTEGER := LFO_COUNTER_BASE_CLK_CYCLES - ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR * (2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1)); -- 53,920 clk cycles (faster)
+    CONSTANT LFO_CLK_CYCLES_MAX : INTEGER := LFO_COUNTER_BASE_CLK_CYCLES + ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR * (2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1) - 1); -- 145,990 clk cycles (slower)
 
-    -- Internal signals for LFO control
-    -- Period adjustment based on joystick input (positive = slower, negative = faster)
-    SIGNAL period_adjustment_delta : INTEGER RANGE - 2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1) * FREQUENCY_ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR 
-        TO (2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1) - 1) * FREQUENCY_ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR := 0;
-    SIGNAL current_period_cycles : INTEGER RANGE MIN_CLOCK_CYCLES TO MAX_CLOCK_CYCLES := BASE_CLOCK_CYCLES;
+    -- LFO timing control signals
+    SIGNAL step_clk_cycles_delta : INTEGER RANGE - 2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1) * ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR TO (2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1) - 1) * ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR := 0;
+    SIGNAL step_clk_cycles : INTEGER RANGE LFO_CLK_CYCLES_MIN TO LFO_CLK_CYCLES_MAX := LFO_COUNTER_BASE_CLK_CYCLES;
+    SIGNAL step_counter : NATURAL RANGE 0 TO LFO_CLK_CYCLES_MAX := 0;
 
-    -- Pipeline stage 1 registers - Input processing and period calculation
-    SIGNAL audio_data_stage1 : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0'); -- Registered audio input
-    SIGNAL enable_flag_stage1 : STD_LOGIC := '0';                                                 -- Registered LFO enable
-    SIGNAL valid_flag_stage1 : STD_LOGIC := '0';                                                  -- Valid data in stage 1
-    SIGNAL last_flag_stage1 : STD_LOGIC := '0';                                                   -- Registered channel indicator
+    -- Triangular wave generation signals
+    -- Note: Using signed counter with extra bit to handle full range calculations
+    SIGNAL tri_counter : SIGNED(TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0');   -- Triangular wave amplitude
+    SIGNAL direction_up : STD_LOGIC := '1';                                               -- Wave direction: '1' = ascending, '0' = descending
 
-    -- Pipeline stage 2 registers - Triangular wave generation
-    SIGNAL triangular_wave_value : unsigned(TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0');  -- Current triangular wave amplitude
-    SIGNAL wave_direction_up : STD_LOGIC := '1';                              -- Triangle wave direction: '1' = ascending, '0' = descending
-    SIGNAL timing_counter : NATURAL RANGE 0 TO MAX_CLOCK_CYCLES := 0;        -- Clock cycle counter for LFO timing
-    SIGNAL enable_flag_stage2 : STD_LOGIC := '0';                             -- LFO enable flag for stage 2
-    SIGNAL valid_flag_stage2 : STD_LOGIC := '0';                              -- Valid data in stage 2
-    SIGNAL last_flag_stage2 : STD_LOGIC := '0';                               -- Channel indicator for stage 2
-    SIGNAL audio_data_stage2 : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0'); -- Audio data for stage 2
+    -- AXI4-Stream control signals
+    SIGNAL trigger : STD_LOGIC := '0';                     -- Trigger to indicate new processed data is ready
+    SIGNAL s_axis_tlast_reg : STD_LOGIC := '0';            -- Registered version of tlast for output synchronization
+    SIGNAL m_axis_tvalid_int : STD_LOGIC := '0';           -- Internal output valid signal
 
-    -- Pipeline stage 3 registers - Modulation and output
-    -- Extended width to accommodate multiplication result before scaling
-    SIGNAL multiplication_result : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(CHANNEL_LENGHT + TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0');
-
-    -- Internal AXI4-Stream control signals
-    SIGNAL master_valid_internal : STD_LOGIC := '0';  -- Internal output valid signal
-    SIGNAL slave_ready_internal : STD_LOGIC := '1';   -- Internal input ready signal
+    -- Audio processing signal with extended width for multiplication
+    -- Width accommodates: audio sample + triangular counter to prevent overflow
+    SIGNAL m_axis_tdata_temp : SIGNED(CHANNEL_LENGHT + TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0');
 
 BEGIN
 
-    -- Direct connection: tlast passes through unchanged (maintains channel timing)
-    m_axis_tlast <= last_flag_stage1;
+    -- Output signal assignments with proper AXI4-Stream flow control
+    m_axis_tvalid <= m_axis_tvalid_int;
+    -- Input ready logic: Ready when downstream is ready OR no valid data pending, AND not in reset
+    s_axis_tready <= (m_axis_tready OR NOT m_axis_tvalid_int) AND aresetn;
 
-    -- Pipeline stage 1: Input registration and LFO period calculation
-    -- This stage captures input data and calculates the LFO period based on joystick position
-    input_processing_stage : PROCESS (aclk)
+    -- Optimized single process for LFO timing and triangular waveform generation
+    -- This process handles both the frequency control and wave shape generation
+    triangular_wave_lfo_generator : PROCESS (aclk)
     BEGIN
         IF rising_edge(aclk) THEN
+
             IF aresetn = '0' THEN
-                -- Reset all stage 1 registers to safe initial states
-                audio_data_stage1 <= (OTHERS => '0');         -- Clear audio data
-                current_period_cycles <= BASE_CLOCK_CYCLES;   -- Set to base frequency
-                enable_flag_stage1 <= '0';                    -- Disable LFO
-                valid_flag_stage1 <= '0';                     -- No valid data
-                last_flag_stage1 <= '0';                      -- Clear channel indicator
+                -- Reset LFO generator to initial state
+                step_clk_cycles <= LFO_COUNTER_BASE_CLK_CYCLES;  -- Set to base frequency
+                step_counter <= 0;                               -- Clear timing counter
+                tri_counter <= (OTHERS => '0');                 -- Start triangular wave at zero
+                direction_up <= '1';                            -- Start counting up
+
             ELSE
-                -- Calculate LFO period based on joystick y-axis input
+                -- Calculate LFO period based on joystick input
                 -- Joystick mapping:
-                -- 0-511: Faster than base frequency (shorter period)
+                -- 0-511: Slower than base frequency (longer period, lower frequency)
                 -- 512: Base frequency (1kHz)
-                -- 513-1023: Slower than base frequency (longer period)
-                period_adjustment_delta <= (to_integer(unsigned(lfo_period)) - JOYSTICK_CENTER_VALUE) * FREQUENCY_ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR;
-                current_period_cycles <= BASE_CLOCK_CYCLES - period_adjustment_delta;
-
-                -- AXI4-Stream handshake: accept new data when both valid and ready
-                IF s_axis_tvalid = '1' AND slave_ready_internal = '1' THEN
-                    audio_data_stage1 <= s_axis_tdata;      -- Register input audio sample
-                    enable_flag_stage1 <= lfo_enable;       -- Register enable control
-                    valid_flag_stage1 <= '1';               -- Mark data as valid for next stage
-                    last_flag_stage1 <= s_axis_tlast;       -- Register channel boundary signal
-                ELSE
-                    valid_flag_stage1 <= '0';               -- No valid data to pass to next stage
-                END IF;
-            END IF;
-        END IF;
-    END PROCESS input_processing_stage;
-
-    -- Pipeline stage 2: Triangular wave generation
-    -- This stage generates the triangular wave that will modulate the audio amplitude
-    triangular_wave_generator : PROCESS (aclk)
-    BEGIN
-        IF rising_edge(aclk) THEN
-            IF aresetn = '0' THEN
-                -- Reset triangular wave generator to initial state
-                timing_counter <= 0;                           -- Clear timing counter
-                triangular_wave_value <= (OTHERS => '0');      -- Start at zero amplitude
-                wave_direction_up <= '1';                      -- Start counting up
-                enable_flag_stage2 <= '0';                     -- Disable LFO
-                valid_flag_stage2 <= '0';                      -- No valid data
-                last_flag_stage2 <= '0';                       -- Clear channel indicator
-                audio_data_stage2 <= (OTHERS => '0');          -- Clear audio data
-            ELSE
-                -- Pass through pipeline registers from stage 1 to stage 2
-                enable_flag_stage2 <= enable_flag_stage1;      -- Forward enable flag
-                valid_flag_stage2 <= valid_flag_stage1;        -- Forward valid flag
-                last_flag_stage2 <= last_flag_stage1;          -- Forward channel indicator
-                audio_data_stage2 <= audio_data_stage1;        -- Forward audio data
+                -- 513-1023: Faster than base frequency (shorter period, higher frequency)
+                step_clk_cycles_delta <= (to_integer(unsigned(lfo_period)) - JSTK_CENTER_VALUE);
+                step_clk_cycles <= LFO_COUNTER_BASE_CLK_CYCLES - step_clk_cycles_delta * ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR;
 
                 -- Generate triangular wave when LFO is enabled
-                IF enable_flag_stage1 = '1' THEN
-                    -- Clock divider: update triangular counter based on calculated period
-                    IF timing_counter < current_period_cycles THEN
-                        timing_counter <= timing_counter + 1;    -- Count towards period target
-                    ELSE
-                        timing_counter <= 0;                     -- Reset counter for next period
+                IF lfo_enable = '1' THEN
+
+                    -- Clock divider: Update triangular wave at calculated rate
+                    IF step_counter >= step_clk_cycles THEN
+                        step_counter <= 0;  -- Reset counter for next period
+
+                        -- Check for triangular wave direction changes at extremes
+                        -- Note: Using (2^n - 2) and 1 instead of (2^n - 1) and 0 due to process signal assignment
+                        IF tri_counter = (2 ** TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT) - 2 THEN
+                            direction_up <= '0';  -- Switch to descending at near-maximum
+
+                        ELSIF tri_counter = 1 THEN
+                            direction_up <= '1';  -- Switch to ascending at near-minimum
 
-                        -- Update triangular wave: count up or down based on current direction
-                        -- This creates the classic triangular waveform shape
-                        IF wave_direction_up = '1' THEN
-                            -- Ascending phase: check if we reached maximum amplitude
-                            IF triangular_wave_value = (2 ** TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT) - 1 THEN
-                                wave_direction_up <= '0';           -- Switch to descending phase
-                                triangular_wave_value <= triangular_wave_value - 1;  -- Start decreasing
-                            ELSE
-                                triangular_wave_value <= triangular_wave_value + 1;  -- Continue increasing
-                            END IF;
-                        ELSE
-                            -- Descending phase: check if we reached minimum amplitude
-                            IF triangular_wave_value = 0 THEN
-                                wave_direction_up <= '1';           -- Switch to ascending phase
-                                triangular_wave_value <= triangular_wave_value + 1;  -- Start increasing
-                            ELSE
-                                triangular_wave_value <= triangular_wave_value - 1;  -- Continue decreasing
-                            END IF;
                         END IF;
-                    END IF;
-                ELSE
-                    -- LFO disabled: reset triangular wave generator to idle state
-                    timing_counter <= 0;                        -- Clear timing counter
-                    triangular_wave_value <= (OTHERS => '0');   -- Reset to zero amplitude
-                    wave_direction_up <= '1';                   -- Reset to ascending direction
-                END IF;
-            END IF;
-        END IF;
-    END PROCESS triangular_wave_generator;
 
-    -- Pipeline stage 3: Audio modulation and output control
-    -- This stage applies the LFO effect by multiplying audio samples with the triangular wave
-    modulation_and_output : PROCESS (aclk)
+                        -- Update triangular wave value based on current direction
+                        -- This creates the classic triangular waveform shape
+                        IF direction_up = '1' THEN
+                            tri_counter <= tri_counter + 1;  -- Ascending: increment
+                        ELSE
+                            tri_counter <= tri_counter - 1;  -- Descending: decrement
+                        END IF;
+
+                    ELSE
+                        step_counter <= step_counter + 1;  -- Continue counting towards next update
+
+                    END IF;
+
+                END IF;
+
+            END IF;
+
+        END IF;
+
+    END PROCESS triangular_wave_lfo_generator;
+
+    -- AXI4-Stream handshake logic and audio processing
+    -- This process handles input/output data flow and applies the LFO modulation
+    AXIS : PROCESS (aclk)
     BEGIN
         IF rising_edge(aclk) THEN
+
             IF aresetn = '0' THEN
-                -- Reset output stage to safe initial state
-                m_axis_tdata <= (OTHERS => '0');              -- Clear output data
-                master_valid_internal <= '0';                 -- No valid output
-                slave_ready_internal <= '1';                  -- Ready to accept input
+                -- Reset AXI4-Stream interface and audio processing
+                s_axis_tlast_reg <= '0';                  -- Clear registered channel indicator
+                m_axis_tdata_temp <= (OTHERS => '0');     -- Clear temporary audio data
+                m_axis_tvalid_int <= '0';                 -- No valid output data
+                m_axis_tlast <= '0';                      -- Clear output channel indicator
+
             ELSE
-                -- Output flow control: handle backpressure from downstream modules
-                IF master_valid_internal = '1' AND m_axis_tready = '0' THEN
-                    -- Downstream not ready: maintain current output valid state
-                    -- This implements proper AXI4-Stream backpressure handling
-                    master_valid_internal <= '1';
-                ELSIF valid_flag_stage2 = '1' THEN
-                    -- New data available from stage 2: apply LFO effect or bypass
-                    IF enable_flag_stage2 = '1' THEN
-                        -- Apply LFO tremolo effect: multiply audio sample by triangular wave
-                        -- This creates amplitude modulation (tremolo effect)
-                        multiplication_result <= STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(
-                            resize(
-                                signed(audio_data_stage2) * signed('0' & triangular_wave_value),
-                                multiplication_result'length
-                            )
-                        );
-                        -- Scale down result by removing lower bits (equivalent to division by 2^TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT)
-                        -- This maintains proper audio amplitude range after multiplication
-                        m_axis_tdata <= multiplication_result(multiplication_result'high DOWNTO TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT);
+                -- Output handshake management:
+                -- Clear valid flag when downstream accepts data
+                IF m_axis_tready = '1' THEN
+                    m_axis_tvalid_int <= '0';
+                END IF;
+
+                -- Data output logic: Send processed audio when trigger is active and output is available
+                IF trigger = '1' AND (m_axis_tvalid_int = '0' OR m_axis_tready = '1') THEN
+                    -- Scale down the multiplication result to original audio bit width
+                    -- Right shift by TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT effectively divides by 2^TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT
+                    -- This maintains proper audio amplitude after modulation
+                    m_axis_tdata <= STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(
+                        resize(
+                            shift_right(
+                                m_axis_tdata_temp,                -- Wide multiplication result
+                                TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT         -- Scale factor
+                            ),
+                            CHANNEL_LENGHT                        -- Final audio sample width
+                        )
+                    );
+                    m_axis_tlast <= s_axis_tlast_reg;             -- Output registered channel indicator
+
+                    m_axis_tvalid_int <= '1';                     -- Mark output as valid
+                    trigger <= '0';                               -- Clear trigger - data has been output
+                    
+                END IF;
+
+                -- Data input logic: Process new audio samples when available and output is ready
+                IF s_axis_tvalid = '1' AND (m_axis_tready = '1' OR m_axis_tvalid_int = '0') THEN	
+                    IF lfo_enable = '1' THEN
+                        -- Apply LFO effect: multiply audio sample by triangular wave
+                        -- This creates amplitude modulation (effect)
+                        m_axis_tdata_temp <= signed(s_axis_tdata) * tri_counter;
+                        s_axis_tlast_reg <= s_axis_tlast;         -- Register channel indicator
+
                     ELSE
-                        -- LFO disabled: pass audio through unchanged (bypass mode)
-                        -- This allows seamless switching between effect and clean audio
-                        m_axis_tdata <= audio_data_stage2;
+                        -- LFO disabled: pass audio through unchanged but maintain bit width
+                        -- Left shift compensates for the right shift that occurs during output
+                        -- This ensures unity gain when LFO is bypassed
+                        m_axis_tdata_temp <= shift_left(
+                            resize(
+                                signed(s_axis_tdata),             -- Convert input to signed
+                                m_axis_tdata_temp'length          -- Extend to full processing width
+                            ),
+                            TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT             -- Compensate for output scaling
+                        );
+                        s_axis_tlast_reg <= s_axis_tlast;         -- Register channel indicator
+
                     END IF;
-                    master_valid_internal <= '1';               -- Mark output as valid
-                ELSE
-                    -- No new data available: clear output valid flag
-                    master_valid_internal <= '0';
+
+                    trigger <= '1';  -- Set trigger to indicate new processed data is ready
+
                 END IF;
 
-                -- AXI4-Stream ready signal management for proper flow control
-                IF master_valid_internal = '1' AND m_axis_tready = '1' THEN
-                    -- Successful output handshake: ready for new input data
-                    slave_ready_internal <= '1';
-                ELSIF s_axis_tvalid = '1' AND slave_ready_internal = '1' THEN
-                    -- Accepted new input: not ready until current output is consumed
-                    -- This prevents data loss in the pipeline
-                    slave_ready_internal <= '0';
-                END IF;
             END IF;
+
         END IF;
-    END PROCESS modulation_and_output;
 
-    -- Output signal assignments
-    s_axis_tready <= slave_ready_internal;    -- Connect internal ready to output port
-    m_axis_tvalid <= master_valid_internal;   -- Connect internal valid to output port
+    END PROCESS AXIS;
 
-    -- LFO Effect Summary:
-    -- 1. Stage 1: Calculates LFO frequency based on joystick position
-    -- 2. Stage 2: Generates triangular wave at calculated frequency
-    -- 3. Stage 3: Multiplies audio samples by triangular wave (tremolo effect)
+    -- LFO Implementation Summary:
+    -- 1. Generates triangular wave at frequency controlled by joystick input
+    -- 2. When enabled: multiplies audio samples by triangular wave (multiplier value range from 0 to 1)
+    -- 3. When disabled: passes audio through unchanged (bypass mode)
+    -- 4. Uses proper AXI4-Stream handshaking for real-time audio processing
     --
-    -- Audio Effect Characteristics:
-    -- - Tremolo: Periodic amplitude modulation creates "shaking" sound
+    -- Effect Characteristics:
     -- - Frequency range: Approximately 0.1Hz to 10Hz (typical for audio LFO)
     -- - Modulation depth: Controlled by TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT generic
+    -- - Waveform: Triangular (linear amplitude changes, smooth transitions)
     -- - Bypass capability: Clean audio passthrough when disabled
-    --
-    -- Pipeline Benefits:
-    -- - Maintains real-time audio processing with no dropouts
-    -- - Allows complex calculations without affecting audio timing
-    -- - Provides proper AXI4-Stream flow control and backpressure handling
 
 END ARCHITECTURE Behavioral;

LAB3/src/LFO_1.vhd

@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@ LIBRARY IEEE;
 USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
 USE IEEE.NUMERIC_STD.ALL;
 
--- Entity: LFO_1 (Low Frequency Oscillator) - Alternative Implementation
+-- Entity: LFO_1 (Low Frequency Oscillator)
 -- Purpose: Applies tremolo effect to audio by modulating amplitude with a triangular wave
---          This is a simplified, single-process implementation compared to the pipelined version
---          Provides real-time audio amplitude modulation for musical effects
+--          Creates classic audio effects like vibrato, tremolo, and amplitude modulation
+--          Implements a 3-stage pipeline for efficient real-time audio processing
 ENTITY LFO_1 IS
     GENERIC (
         CHANNEL_LENGHT : INTEGER := 24;              -- Bit width of audio samples (24-bit signed)
         JOYSTICK_LENGHT : INTEGER := 10;             -- Bit width of joystick input (10-bit = 0-1023 range)
         CLK_PERIOD_NS : INTEGER := 10;               -- Clock period in nanoseconds (10ns = 100MHz)
-        TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT : INTEGER := 10    -- Triangular wave counter length (affects modulation depth)
+        TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT : INTEGER := 10    -- Bit width of triangular wave counter (affects modulation depth)
     );
     PORT (
         -- Clock and Reset
@@ -38,188 +38,219 @@ END ENTITY LFO_1;
 
 ARCHITECTURE Behavioral OF LFO_1 IS
 
-    -- LFO_1 timing configuration constants
-    CONSTANT LFO_1_COUNTER_BASE_PERIOD_US : INTEGER := 1000; -- Base period: 1ms (1kHz base frequency)
-    CONSTANT ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR : INTEGER := 90;             -- Frequency adjustment sensitivity (clock cycles per joystick unit)
-    CONSTANT JSTK_CENTER_VALUE : INTEGER := 2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1); -- Joystick center position (512 for 10-bit)
+    -- Constants for LFO_1 timing configuration
+    CONSTANT BASE_PERIOD_MICROSECONDS : INTEGER := 1000;  -- Base period: 1ms (1kHz base frequency)
+    CONSTANT FREQUENCY_ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR : INTEGER := 90;  -- Frequency adjustment sensitivity (clock cycles per joystick unit)
+    CONSTANT JOYSTICK_CENTER_VALUE : INTEGER := 2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1);  -- Joystick center position (512 for 10-bit)
 
     -- Calculate base clock cycles for 1ms period at current clock frequency
-    CONSTANT LFO_1_COUNTER_BASE_CLK_CYCLES : INTEGER := LFO_1_COUNTER_BASE_PERIOD_US * 1000 / CLK_PERIOD_NS; -- 1ms = 100,000 clk cycles
+    CONSTANT BASE_CLOCK_CYCLES : INTEGER := BASE_PERIOD_MICROSECONDS * 1000 / CLK_PERIOD_NS;
 
     -- Calculate frequency range limits based on joystick range
-    CONSTANT LFO_1_CLK_CYCLES_MIN : INTEGER := LFO_1_COUNTER_BASE_CLK_CYCLES - ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR * (2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1)); -- 53,920 clk cycles (faster)
-    CONSTANT LFO_1_CLK_CYCLES_MAX : INTEGER := LFO_1_COUNTER_BASE_CLK_CYCLES + ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR * (2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1) - 1); -- 145,990 clk cycles (slower)
+    -- Minimum frequency (fastest LFO_1): occurs when joystick is at minimum position
+    CONSTANT MIN_CLOCK_CYCLES : INTEGER := BASE_CLOCK_CYCLES - FREQUENCY_ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR * (2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1));
+    -- Maximum frequency (slowest LFO_1): occurs when joystick is at maximum position
+    CONSTANT MAX_CLOCK_CYCLES : INTEGER := BASE_CLOCK_CYCLES + FREQUENCY_ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR * (2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1) - 1);
 
-    -- LFO_1 timing control signals
-    SIGNAL step_clk_cycles_delta : INTEGER RANGE - 2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1) * ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR TO (2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1) - 1) * ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR := 0;
-    SIGNAL step_clk_cycles : INTEGER RANGE LFO_1_CLK_CYCLES_MIN TO LFO_1_CLK_CYCLES_MAX := LFO_1_COUNTER_BASE_CLK_CYCLES;
-    SIGNAL step_counter : NATURAL RANGE 0 TO LFO_1_CLK_CYCLES_MAX := 0;
+    -- Internal signals for LFO_1 control
+    -- Period adjustment based on joystick input (positive = slower, negative = faster)
+    SIGNAL period_adjustment_delta : INTEGER RANGE - 2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1) * FREQUENCY_ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR 
+        TO (2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1) - 1) * FREQUENCY_ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR := 0;
+    SIGNAL current_period_cycles : INTEGER RANGE MIN_CLOCK_CYCLES TO MAX_CLOCK_CYCLES := BASE_CLOCK_CYCLES;
 
-    -- Triangular wave generation signals
-    -- Note: Using signed counter with extra bit to handle full range calculations
-    SIGNAL tri_counter : SIGNED(TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0');  -- Triangular wave amplitude
-    SIGNAL direction_up : STD_LOGIC := '1';                                               -- Wave direction: '1' = ascending, '0' = descending
+    -- Pipeline stage 1 registers - Input processing and period calculation
+    SIGNAL audio_data_stage1 : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0'); -- Registered audio input
+    SIGNAL enable_flag_stage1 : STD_LOGIC := '0';                                                 -- Registered LFO_1 enable
+    SIGNAL valid_flag_stage1 : STD_LOGIC := '0';                                                  -- Valid data in stage 1
+    SIGNAL last_flag_stage1 : STD_LOGIC := '0';                                                   -- Registered channel indicator
 
-    -- AXI4-Stream control signals
-    SIGNAL trigger : STD_LOGIC := '0';                     -- Trigger to indicate new processed data is ready
-    SIGNAL s_axis_tlast_reg : STD_LOGIC := '0';            -- Registered version of tlast for output synchronization
-    SIGNAL m_axis_tvalid_int : STD_LOGIC := '0';           -- Internal output valid signal
+    -- Pipeline stage 2 registers - Triangular wave generation
+    SIGNAL triangular_wave_value : unsigned(TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0');  -- Current triangular wave amplitude
+    SIGNAL wave_direction_up : STD_LOGIC := '1';                              -- Triangle wave direction: '1' = ascending, '0' = descending
+    SIGNAL timing_counter : NATURAL RANGE 0 TO MAX_CLOCK_CYCLES := 0;        -- Clock cycle counter for LFO_1 timing
+    SIGNAL enable_flag_stage2 : STD_LOGIC := '0';                             -- LFO_1 enable flag for stage 2
+    SIGNAL valid_flag_stage2 : STD_LOGIC := '0';                              -- Valid data in stage 2
+    SIGNAL last_flag_stage2 : STD_LOGIC := '0';                               -- Channel indicator for stage 2
+    SIGNAL audio_data_stage2 : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0'); -- Audio data for stage 2
 
-    -- Audio processing signal with extended width for multiplication
-    -- Width accommodates: audio sample + triangular counter to prevent overflow
-    SIGNAL m_axis_tdata_temp : SIGNED(CHANNEL_LENGHT + TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0');
+    -- Pipeline stage 3 registers - Modulation and output
+    -- Extended width to accommodate multiplication result before scaling
+    SIGNAL multiplication_result : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(CHANNEL_LENGHT + TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0');
+
+    -- Internal AXI4-Stream control signals
+    SIGNAL master_valid_internal : STD_LOGIC := '0';  -- Internal output valid signal
+    SIGNAL slave_ready_internal : STD_LOGIC := '1';   -- Internal input ready signal
 
 BEGIN
 
-    -- Output signal assignments with proper AXI4-Stream flow control
-    m_axis_tvalid <= m_axis_tvalid_int;
-    -- Input ready logic: Ready when downstream is ready OR no valid data pending, AND not in reset
-    s_axis_tready <= (m_axis_tready OR NOT m_axis_tvalid_int) AND aresetn;
+    -- Direct connection: tlast passes through unchanged (maintains channel timing)
+    m_axis_tlast <= last_flag_stage1;
 
-    -- Optimized single process for LFO_1 timing and triangular waveform generation
-    -- This process handles both the frequency control and wave shape generation
-    triangular_wave_lfo_generator : PROCESS (aclk)
+    -- Pipeline stage 1: Input registration and LFO_1 period calculation
+    -- This stage captures input data and calculates the LFO_1 period based on joystick position
+    input_processing_stage : PROCESS (aclk)
     BEGIN
         IF rising_edge(aclk) THEN
-
             IF aresetn = '0' THEN
-                -- Reset LFO_1 generator to initial state
-                step_clk_cycles <= LFO_1_COUNTER_BASE_CLK_CYCLES;  -- Set to base frequency
-                step_counter <= 0;                               -- Clear timing counter
-                tri_counter <= (OTHERS => '0');                 -- Start triangular wave at zero
-                direction_up <= '1';                            -- Start counting up
-
+                -- Reset all stage 1 registers to safe initial states
+                audio_data_stage1 <= (OTHERS => '0');         -- Clear audio data
+                current_period_cycles <= BASE_CLOCK_CYCLES;   -- Set to base frequency
+                enable_flag_stage1 <= '0';                    -- Disable LFO_1
+                valid_flag_stage1 <= '0';                     -- No valid data
+                last_flag_stage1 <= '0';                      -- Clear channel indicator
             ELSE
-                -- Calculate LFO_1 period based on joystick input
+                -- Calculate LFO_1 period based on joystick y-axis input
                 -- Joystick mapping:
-                -- 0-511: Faster than base frequency (shorter period, higher frequency)
+                -- 0-511: Faster than base frequency (shorter period)
                 -- 512: Base frequency (1kHz)
-                -- 513-1023: Slower than base frequency (longer period, lower frequency)
-                step_clk_cycles_delta <= (to_integer(unsigned(lfo_period)) - JSTK_CENTER_VALUE) * ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR;
-                step_clk_cycles <= LFO_1_COUNTER_BASE_CLK_CYCLES - step_clk_cycles_delta;
+                -- 513-1023: Slower than base frequency (longer period)
+                period_adjustment_delta <= (to_integer(unsigned(lfo_period)) - JOYSTICK_CENTER_VALUE) * FREQUENCY_ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR;
+                current_period_cycles <= BASE_CLOCK_CYCLES - period_adjustment_delta;
+
+                -- AXI4-Stream handshake: accept new data when both valid and ready
+                IF s_axis_tvalid = '1' AND slave_ready_internal = '1' THEN
+                    audio_data_stage1 <= s_axis_tdata;      -- Register input audio sample
+                    enable_flag_stage1 <= lfo_enable;       -- Register enable control
+                    valid_flag_stage1 <= '1';               -- Mark data as valid for next stage
+                    last_flag_stage1 <= s_axis_tlast;       -- Register channel boundary signal
+                ELSE
+                    valid_flag_stage1 <= '0';               -- No valid data to pass to next stage
+                END IF;
+            END IF;
+        END IF;
+    END PROCESS input_processing_stage;
+
+    -- Pipeline stage 2: Triangular wave generation
+    -- This stage generates the triangular wave that will modulate the audio amplitude
+    triangular_wave_generator : PROCESS (aclk)
+    BEGIN
+        IF rising_edge(aclk) THEN
+            IF aresetn = '0' THEN
+                -- Reset triangular wave generator to initial state
+                timing_counter <= 0;                           -- Clear timing counter
+                triangular_wave_value <= (OTHERS => '0');      -- Start at zero amplitude
+                wave_direction_up <= '1';                      -- Start counting up
+                enable_flag_stage2 <= '0';                     -- Disable LFO_1
+                valid_flag_stage2 <= '0';                      -- No valid data
+                last_flag_stage2 <= '0';                       -- Clear channel indicator
+                audio_data_stage2 <= (OTHERS => '0');          -- Clear audio data
+            ELSE
+                -- Pass through pipeline registers from stage 1 to stage 2
+                enable_flag_stage2 <= enable_flag_stage1;      -- Forward enable flag
+                valid_flag_stage2 <= valid_flag_stage1;        -- Forward valid flag
+                last_flag_stage2 <= last_flag_stage1;          -- Forward channel indicator
+                audio_data_stage2 <= audio_data_stage1;        -- Forward audio data
 
                 -- Generate triangular wave when LFO_1 is enabled
-                IF lfo_enable = '1' THEN
-
-                    -- Clock divider: Update triangular wave at calculated rate
-                    IF step_counter >= step_clk_cycles THEN
-                        step_counter <= 0;  -- Reset counter for next period
-
-                        -- Check for triangular wave direction changes at extremes
-                        -- Note: Using (2^n - 2) and 1 instead of (2^n - 1) and 0 to avoid edge cases
-                        IF tri_counter = (2 ** TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT) - 2 THEN
-                            direction_up <= '0';  -- Switch to descending at near-maximum
-
-                        ELSIF tri_counter = 1 THEN
-                            direction_up <= '1';  -- Switch to ascending at near-minimum
-
-                        END IF;
-
-                        -- Update triangular wave value based on current direction
-                        -- This creates the classic triangular waveform shape
-                        IF direction_up = '1' THEN
-                            tri_counter <= tri_counter + 1;  -- Ascending: increment
-                        ELSE
-                            tri_counter <= tri_counter - 1;  -- Descending: decrement
-                        END IF;
-
+                IF enable_flag_stage1 = '1' THEN
+                    -- Clock divider: update triangular counter based on calculated period
+                    IF timing_counter < current_period_cycles THEN
+                        timing_counter <= timing_counter + 1;    -- Count towards period target
                     ELSE
-                        step_counter <= step_counter + 1;  -- Continue counting towards next update
+                        timing_counter <= 0;                     -- Reset counter for next period
 
+                        -- Update triangular wave: count up or down based on current direction
+                        -- This creates the classic triangular waveform shape
+                        IF wave_direction_up = '1' THEN
+                            -- Ascending phase: check if we reached maximum amplitude
+                            IF triangular_wave_value = (2 ** TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT) - 1 THEN
+                                wave_direction_up <= '0';           -- Switch to descending phase
+                                triangular_wave_value <= triangular_wave_value - 1;  -- Start decreasing
+                            ELSE
+                                triangular_wave_value <= triangular_wave_value + 1;  -- Continue increasing
+                            END IF;
+                        ELSE
+                            -- Descending phase: check if we reached minimum amplitude
+                            IF triangular_wave_value = 0 THEN
+                                wave_direction_up <= '1';           -- Switch to ascending phase
+                                triangular_wave_value <= triangular_wave_value + 1;  -- Start increasing
+                            ELSE
+                                triangular_wave_value <= triangular_wave_value - 1;  -- Continue decreasing
+                            END IF;
+                        END IF;
                     END IF;
-
+                ELSE
+                    -- LFO_1 disabled: reset triangular wave generator to idle state
+                    timing_counter <= 0;                        -- Clear timing counter
+                    triangular_wave_value <= (OTHERS => '0');   -- Reset to zero amplitude
+                    wave_direction_up <= '1';                   -- Reset to ascending direction
                 END IF;
-
             END IF;
-
         END IF;
+    END PROCESS triangular_wave_generator;
 
-    END PROCESS triangular_wave_lfo_generator;
-
-    -- AXI4-Stream handshake logic and audio processing
-    -- This process handles input/output data flow and applies the LFO_1 modulation
-    AXIS : PROCESS (aclk)
+    -- Pipeline stage 3: Audio modulation and output control
+    -- This stage applies the LFO_1 effect by multiplying audio samples with the triangular wave
+    modulation_and_output : PROCESS (aclk)
     BEGIN
         IF rising_edge(aclk) THEN
-
             IF aresetn = '0' THEN
-                -- Reset AXI4-Stream interface and audio processing
-                s_axis_tlast_reg <= '0';                  -- Clear registered channel indicator
-                m_axis_tdata_temp <= (OTHERS => '0');     -- Clear temporary audio data
-                m_axis_tvalid_int <= '0';                 -- No valid output data
-                m_axis_tlast <= '0';                      -- Clear output channel indicator
-
+                -- Reset output stage to safe initial state
+                m_axis_tdata <= (OTHERS => '0');              -- Clear output data
+                master_valid_internal <= '0';                 -- No valid output
+                slave_ready_internal <= '1';                  -- Ready to accept input
             ELSE
-                -- Output handshake management:
-                -- Clear valid flag when downstream accepts data
-                IF m_axis_tready = '1' THEN
-                    m_axis_tvalid_int <= '0';
-                END IF;
-
-                -- Data output logic: Send processed audio when trigger is active and output is available
-                IF trigger = '1' AND (m_axis_tvalid_int = '0' OR m_axis_tready = '1') THEN
-                    -- Scale down the multiplication result to original audio bit width
-                    -- Right shift by TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT effectively divides by 2^TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT
-                    -- This maintains proper audio amplitude after modulation
-                    m_axis_tdata <= STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(
-                        resize(
-                            shift_right(
-                                m_axis_tdata_temp,                -- Wide multiplication result
-                                TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT         -- Scale factor
-                            ),
-                            CHANNEL_LENGHT                        -- Final audio sample width
-                        )
-                    );
-                    m_axis_tlast <= s_axis_tlast_reg;             -- Output registered channel indicator
-
-                    m_axis_tvalid_int <= '1';                     -- Mark output as valid
-                    trigger <= '0';                               -- Clear trigger - data has been output
-                    
-                END IF;
-
-                -- Data input logic: Process new audio samples when available and output is ready
-                IF s_axis_tvalid = '1' AND (m_axis_tready = '1' OR m_axis_tvalid_int = '0') THEN	
-                    IF lfo_enable = '1' THEN
+                -- Output flow control: handle backpressure from downstream modules
+                IF master_valid_internal = '1' AND m_axis_tready = '0' THEN
+                    -- Downstream not ready: maintain current output valid state
+                    -- This implements proper AXI4-Stream backpressure handling
+                    master_valid_internal <= '1';
+                ELSIF valid_flag_stage2 = '1' THEN
+                    -- New data available from stage 2: apply LFO_1 effect or bypass
+                    IF enable_flag_stage2 = '1' THEN
                         -- Apply LFO_1 tremolo effect: multiply audio sample by triangular wave
                         -- This creates amplitude modulation (tremolo effect)
-                        m_axis_tdata_temp <= signed(s_axis_tdata) * tri_counter;
-                        s_axis_tlast_reg <= s_axis_tlast;         -- Register channel indicator
-
-                    ELSE
-                        -- LFO_1 disabled: pass audio through unchanged but maintain bit width
-                        -- Left shift compensates for the right shift that occurs during output
-                        -- This ensures unity gain when LFO_1 is bypassed
-                        m_axis_tdata_temp <= shift_left(
+                        multiplication_result <= STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(
                             resize(
-                                signed(s_axis_tdata),             -- Convert input to signed
-                                m_axis_tdata_temp'length          -- Extend to full processing width
-                            ),
-                            TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT             -- Compensate for output scaling
+                                signed(audio_data_stage2) * signed('0' & triangular_wave_value),
+                                multiplication_result'length
+                            )
                         );
-                        s_axis_tlast_reg <= s_axis_tlast;         -- Register channel indicator
-
+                        -- Scale down result by removing lower bits (equivalent to division by 2^TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT)
+                        -- This maintains proper audio amplitude range after multiplication
+                        m_axis_tdata <= multiplication_result(multiplication_result'high DOWNTO TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT);
+                    ELSE
+                        -- LFO_1 disabled: pass audio through unchanged (bypass mode)
+                        -- This allows seamless switching between effect and clean audio
+                        m_axis_tdata <= audio_data_stage2;
                     END IF;
-
-                    trigger <= '1';  -- Set trigger to indicate new processed data is ready
-
+                    master_valid_internal <= '1';               -- Mark output as valid
+                ELSE
+                    -- No new data available: clear output valid flag
+                    master_valid_internal <= '0';
                 END IF;
 
+                -- AXI4-Stream ready signal management for proper flow control
+                IF master_valid_internal = '1' AND m_axis_tready = '1' THEN
+                    -- Successful output handshake: ready for new input data
+                    slave_ready_internal <= '1';
+                ELSIF s_axis_tvalid = '1' AND slave_ready_internal = '1' THEN
+                    -- Accepted new input: not ready until current output is consumed
+                    -- This prevents data loss in the pipeline
+                    slave_ready_internal <= '0';
+                END IF;
             END IF;
-
         END IF;
+    END PROCESS modulation_and_output;
 
-    END PROCESS AXIS;
+    -- Output signal assignments
+    s_axis_tready <= slave_ready_internal;    -- Connect internal ready to output port
+    m_axis_tvalid <= master_valid_internal;   -- Connect internal valid to output port
 
-    -- LFO_1 Implementation Summary:
-    -- 1. Generates triangular wave at frequency controlled by joystick input
-    -- 2. When enabled: multiplies audio samples by triangular wave (tremolo effect)
-    -- 3. When disabled: passes audio through unchanged (bypass mode)
-    -- 4. Uses proper AXI4-Stream handshaking for real-time audio processing
+    -- LFO_1 Effect Summary:
+    -- 1. Stage 1: Calculates LFO_1 frequency based on joystick position
+    -- 2. Stage 2: Generates triangular wave at calculated frequency
+    -- 3. Stage 3: Multiplies audio samples by triangular wave (tremolo effect)
     --
-    -- Tremolo Effect Characteristics:
+    -- Audio Effect Characteristics:
+    -- - Tremolo: Periodic amplitude modulation creates "shaking" sound
     -- - Frequency range: Approximately 0.1Hz to 10Hz (typical for audio LFO_1)
     -- - Modulation depth: Controlled by TRIANGULAR_COUNTER_LENGHT generic
-    -- - Waveform: Triangular (linear amplitude changes, smooth transitions)
     -- - Bypass capability: Clean audio passthrough when disabled
+    --
+    -- Pipeline Benefits:
+    -- - Maintains real-time audio processing with no dropouts
+    -- - Allows complex calculations without affecting audio timing
+    -- - Provides proper AXI4-Stream flow control and backpressure handling
 
 END ARCHITECTURE Behavioral;

LAB3/src/all_pass_filter.vhd

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ USE ieee.numeric_std.ALL;
 
 -- Entity: all_pass_filter
 -- Purpose: A pass-through filter that maintains the same interface and timing
---          characteristics as a moving average filter but passes data unchanged.
+--          characteristics as the moving average filter but passes data unchanged.
 ENTITY all_pass_filter IS
     GENERIC (
         TDATA_WIDTH : POSITIVE := 24  -- Width of the data bus in bits
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ ENTITY all_pass_filter IS
 
         -- AXI4-Stream Slave Interface (Input)
         s_axis_tvalid : IN STD_LOGIC;                                      -- Input data valid signal
-        s_axis_tdata : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);    -- Input data
+        s_axis_tdata : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);      -- Input data
         s_axis_tlast : IN STD_LOGIC;                                       -- Input end-of-packet signal
         s_axis_tready : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                     -- Ready to accept input data
 
         -- AXI4-Stream Master Interface (Output)
         m_axis_tvalid : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                     -- Output data valid signal
-        m_axis_tdata : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);   -- Output data
+        m_axis_tdata : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);     -- Output data
         m_axis_tlast : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                      -- Output end-of-packet signal
         m_axis_tready : IN STD_LOGIC                                       -- Downstream ready signal
     );
@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ ARCHITECTURE Behavioral OF all_pass_filter IS
     -- Internal slave interface signals
     SIGNAL s_axis_tready_int : STD_LOGIC := '0';   -- Internal ready signal for input
     SIGNAL s_axis_tlast_reg : STD_LOGIC := '0';    -- Registered version of input tlast
+    SIGNAL s_axis_tdata_reg : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0'); -- Temporary storage for input data
     
     -- Internal data storage and master interface signals
-    SIGNAL m_axis_tdata_temp : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0'); -- Temporary storage for input data
     SIGNAL m_axis_tvalid_int : STD_LOGIC := '0';   -- Internal valid signal for output
 
 BEGIN
@@ -66,10 +66,10 @@ BEGIN
             -- Asynchronous reset logic (active low)
             IF aresetn = '0' THEN
                 -- Reset all internal signals to known states
-                trigger <= '0';                        -- Clear data processing trigger
+                trigger <= '0';                       -- Clear data processing trigger
                 s_axis_tlast_reg <= '0';              -- Clear registered tlast
                 s_axis_tready_int <= '0';             -- Not ready to accept data during reset
-                m_axis_tdata_temp <= (OTHERS => '0'); -- Clear temporary data storage
+                s_axis_tdata_reg <= (OTHERS => '0');  -- Clear temporary data storage
                 m_axis_tvalid_int <= '0';             -- No valid data on output during reset
                 m_axis_tlast <= '0';                  -- Clear output tlast
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ BEGIN
                 -- (either no valid data pending OR downstream is ready)
                 IF trigger = '1' AND (m_axis_tvalid_int = '0' OR m_axis_tready = '1') THEN
                     -- Transfer stored data to output
-                    m_axis_tdata <= m_axis_tdata_temp;  -- Output the stored input data unchanged
+                    m_axis_tdata <= s_axis_tdata_reg;   -- Output the stored input data unchanged
                     m_axis_tlast <= s_axis_tlast_reg;   -- Output the registered tlast signal
                     
                     -- Set output control signals
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ BEGIN
                 IF s_axis_tvalid = '1' AND s_axis_tready_int = '1' THEN				
                     -- Store input signals for later output
                     s_axis_tlast_reg <= s_axis_tlast;   -- Register the tlast signal
-                    m_axis_tdata_temp <= s_axis_tdata;  -- Store input data (pass-through, no processing)
+                    s_axis_tdata_reg <= s_axis_tdata;   -- Store input data (pass-through, no processing)
                     
                     -- Set trigger to indicate data is ready for output
                     trigger <= '1';

LAB3/src/balance_controller.vhd

@@ -19,25 +19,25 @@ ENTITY balance_controller IS
 
         -- AXI4-Stream Slave Interface (Audio Input)
         s_axis_tvalid : IN STD_LOGIC;                                      -- Input data valid
-        s_axis_tdata : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);    -- Audio sample data
+        s_axis_tdata : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);      -- Audio sample data
         s_axis_tready : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                     -- Ready to accept input
         s_axis_tlast : IN STD_LOGIC;                                       -- Channel indicator (0=left, 1=right)
 
         -- AXI4-Stream Master Interface (Audio Output)
         m_axis_tvalid : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                     -- Output data valid
-        m_axis_tdata : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);   -- Balanced audio sample
+        m_axis_tdata : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);     -- Balanced audio sample
         m_axis_tready : IN STD_LOGIC;                                      -- Downstream ready
         m_axis_tlast : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                      -- Channel indicator passthrough
 
         -- Balance Control Input
-        balance : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(BALANCE_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0)         -- Balance position (0=full left, 1023=full right, 512=center)
+        balance : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(BALANCE_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0)          -- Balance position (0=full left, 1023=full right, 512=center)
     );
 END balance_controller;
 
 ARCHITECTURE Behavioral OF balance_controller IS
 
     -- Balance calculation constants
-    CONSTANT BALANCE_STEPS : INTEGER := (2 ** (BALANCE_WIDTH - 1)) / (2 ** BALANCE_STEP_2) + 1; -- Number of attenuation steps (9 steps for 10-bit balance)
+    CONSTANT BALANCE_STEPS : INTEGER := (2 ** (BALANCE_WIDTH - 1)) / (2 ** BALANCE_STEP_2) + 1;  -- Number of attenuation steps (9 steps for 10-bit balance)
     CONSTANT BAL_MID : INTEGER := 2 ** (BALANCE_WIDTH - 1);                                      -- Center balance position (512 for 10-bit)
     CONSTANT DEAD_ZONE : INTEGER := (2 ** BALANCE_STEP_2) / 2;                                   -- Dead zone around center (32 for step size 64)
 

LAB3/src/digilent_jstk2.vhd

@@ -16,17 +16,17 @@ ENTITY digilent_jstk2 IS
 
         -- AXI4-Stream Master Interface: Data going TO the SPI IP-Core (and so, to the JSTK2 module)
         m_axis_tvalid : OUT STD_LOGIC;                      -- Output data valid signal
-        m_axis_tdata : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0);   -- 8-bit data to send via SPI
+        m_axis_tdata : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0);    -- 8-bit data to send via SPI
         m_axis_tready : IN STD_LOGIC;                       -- SPI IP-Core ready to accept data
 
         -- AXI4-Stream Slave Interface: Data coming FROM the SPI IP-Core (and so, from the JSTK2 module)
         -- Note: There is no tready signal, so you must be always ready to accept incoming data, or it will be lost!
         s_axis_tvalid : IN STD_LOGIC;                       -- Input data valid signal
-        s_axis_tdata : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0);    -- 8-bit data received via SPI
+        s_axis_tdata : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0);     -- 8-bit data received via SPI
 
         -- Joystick and button values read from the JSTK2 module
-        jstk_x : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(9 DOWNTO 0);         -- X-axis joystick position (10-bit, 0-1023)
-        jstk_y : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(9 DOWNTO 0);         -- Y-axis joystick position (10-bit, 0-1023)
+        jstk_x : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(9 DOWNTO 0);          -- X-axis joystick position (10-bit, 0-1023)
+        jstk_y : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(9 DOWNTO 0);          -- Y-axis joystick position (10-bit, 0-1023)
         btn_jstk : OUT STD_LOGIC;                           -- Joystick button state (1=pressed)
         btn_trigger : OUT STD_LOGIC;                        -- Trigger button state (1=pressed)
 
@@ -43,10 +43,8 @@ ARCHITECTURE Behavioral OF digilent_jstk2 IS
     CONSTANT CMDSETLEDRGB : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0) := x"84";
 
     -- Calculate delay in clock cycles: (delay_period + 1_SPI_clock_period) * clock_frequency
-    -- Uses integer arithmetic optimized to avoid truncation by performing multiplications before divisions
-    -- Formula: ((DELAY_US * SPI_SCLKFREQ + 1_000_000) * CLKFREQ) / (SPI_SCLKFREQ * 1_000_000)
     -- This ensures proper timing between SPI packets as required by JSTK2 datasheet
-    CONSTANT DELAY_CLK_CYCLES : INTEGER := ((DELAY_US * SPI_SCLKFREQ + 1_000_000) * CLKFREQ) / (SPI_SCLKFREQ * 1_000_000) + 1;
+    CONSTANT DELAY_CLK_CYCLES : INTEGER := (DELAY_US + 1_000_000 / SPI_SCLKFREQ) * (CLKFREQ / 1_000_000) - 1;
 
     -- State machine type definitions
     TYPE tx_state_type IS (DELAY, SEND_CMD, SEND_RED, SEND_GREEN, SEND_BLUE, SEND_DUMMY);
@@ -58,7 +56,7 @@ ARCHITECTURE Behavioral OF digilent_jstk2 IS
 
     -- Timing and data storage signals
     SIGNAL tx_delay_counter : INTEGER RANGE 0 TO DELAY_CLK_CYCLES := 0;  -- Counter for inter-packet delay timing
-    SIGNAL rx_cache : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0);                      -- Temporary storage for multi-byte data reception
+    SIGNAL rx_cache : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(s_axis_tdata'range);                      -- Temporary storage for multi-byte data reception
 
 BEGIN
 
@@ -82,7 +80,8 @@ BEGIN
         "01101001" WHEN SEND_DUMMY;         -- Dummy byte to complete 5-byte transaction
 
     -- TX State Machine: Sends LED color commands to JSTK2 module
-    -- Protocol: Command(1) + Red(1) + Green(1) + Blue(1) + Dummy(1) = 5 bytes total
+    -- Protocol: Command(1) + Red(1) + Green(1) + Blue(1) + Dummy(1) = 5 bytes total > Delay before next command
+    -- The delay is required by the JSTK datasheet to ensure proper timing between SPI transactions
     TX : PROCESS (aclk)
     BEGIN
         IF rising_edge(aclk) THEN

LAB3/src/effect_selector.vhd

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 LIBRARY IEEE;
 USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
+USE IEEE.NUMERIC_STD.ALL;
 
 -- Entity: effect_selector
 -- Purpose: Routes joystick input to different audio control parameters based on effect mode
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ ENTITY effect_selector IS
         aresetn : IN STD_LOGIC;   -- Active-low asynchronous reset
 
         -- Control and input signals
-        effect : IN STD_LOGIC;    -- Effect mode selector (0=volume/balance mode, 1=LFO/balance mode)
+        effect : IN STD_LOGIC;    -- Effect mode selector (0=volume/balance mode, 1=LFO)
         jstck_x : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0);  -- X-axis joystick position
         jstck_y : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0);  -- Y-axis joystick position
 
@@ -27,6 +28,8 @@ END effect_selector;
 
 ARCHITECTURE Behavioral OF effect_selector IS
 
+    constant JOYSTICK_DEFAULT : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0) := STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(to_unsigned(2 ** (JOYSTICK_LENGHT - 1), JOYSTICK_LENGHT)); -- Default joystick value (center position for 10-bit joystick is 512)
+    
 BEGIN
 
     -- Main control logic process
@@ -37,31 +40,35 @@ BEGIN
         IF rising_edge(aclk) THEN
 
             IF aresetn = '0' THEN
-                -- Reset all outputs to zero (minimum values)
-                volume <= (OTHERS => '0');      -- Minimum volume
-                balance <= (OTHERS => '0');     -- Full left balance
-                lfo_period <= (OTHERS => '0');  -- Minimum LFO period
+                -- Reset all outputs to default/center values
+                volume <= JOYSTICK_DEFAULT;      -- Default volume (center position)
+                balance <= JOYSTICK_DEFAULT;     -- Center balance position
+                lfo_period <= JOYSTICK_DEFAULT;  -- Default LFO period (center position)
 
             ELSE
                 -- Normal operation: Route joystick inputs based on effect mode
 
-                -- X-axis always controls balance regardless of mode
-                -- This provides consistent left/right audio balance control
-                balance <= jstck_x;
-
-                -- Y-axis control depends on selected effect mode
-                -- Note: When switching between modes, the previous joystick values
-                -- are preserved in the non-active outputs (volume/lfo_period)
+                -- Y-axis always controls different parameters based on effect mode
+                -- X-axis behavior differs between modes
+                -- Note: When switching between modes, some outputs are reset while others preserved
                 IF effect = '1' THEN
-                    -- LFO Mode: Y-axis controls Low Frequency Oscillator period
-                    -- Used for tremolo, vibrato, or other modulation effects
+                    -- LFO Mode:
+                    -- Y-axis controls Low Frequency Oscillator period
+                    -- X-axis is ignored in this mode
                     lfo_period <= jstck_y;
-                    -- Volume remains at last set value (preserved from previous volume mode)
+
+                    -- Volume remains at last set value (preserved from previous mode)
+
+                    -- Reset balance to center/default position when in LFO mode
+                    balance <= JOYSTICK_DEFAULT;  -- Reset balance to center position
 
                 ELSE
-                    -- Volume/Balance Mode: Y-axis controls overall volume level
-                    -- Traditional audio mixer control mode
+                    -- Volume/Balance Mode:
+                    -- Y-axis controls overall volume level
+                    -- X-axis controls left/right audio balance
                     volume <= jstck_y;
+                    balance <= jstck_x;
+
                     -- LFO period remains at last set value (preserved from previous LFO mode)
 
                 END IF;

LAB3/src/led_level_controller.vhd

@@ -1,96 +1,83 @@
 LIBRARY IEEE;
 USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
 USE IEEE.NUMERIC_STD.ALL;
+USE IEEE.MATH_REAL.ALL;
 
 -- Entity: led_level_controller
 -- Purpose: Audio level meter using LEDs to display real-time audio amplitude
 --          Processes stereo audio samples and drives a bar graph LED display
---          Provides visual feedback of audio signal strength for both channels combined
 ENTITY led_level_controller IS
     GENERIC (
-        NUM_LEDS : POSITIVE := 16;          -- Number of LEDs in the level meter display
-        CHANNEL_LENGHT : POSITIVE := 24;    -- Width of audio data (24-bit audio samples)
-        refresh_time_ms : POSITIVE := 1;    -- LED refresh rate in milliseconds (1ms = 1kHz update rate)
-        clock_period_ns : POSITIVE := 10    -- System clock period in nanoseconds (10ns = 100MHz)
+        NUM_LEDS : POSITIVE := 16; -- Number of LEDs in the level meter display
+        CHANNEL_LENGHT : POSITIVE := 24; -- Width of audio data (24-bit audio samples)
+        refresh_time_ms : POSITIVE := 1; -- LED refresh rate in milliseconds (1ms = 1kHz update rate)
+        clock_period_ns : POSITIVE := 10 -- System clock period in nanoseconds (10ns = 100MHz)
     );
     PORT (
         -- Clock and reset signals
-        aclk : IN STD_LOGIC;        -- Main clock input
-        aresetn : IN STD_LOGIC;     -- Active-low asynchronous reset
+        aclk : IN STD_LOGIC; -- Main clock input
+        aresetn : IN STD_LOGIC; -- Active-low asynchronous reset
 
         -- LED output array (bar graph display)
-        led : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(NUM_LEDS - 1 DOWNTO 0);  -- LED control signals (1=on, 0=off)
+        led : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(NUM_LEDS - 1 DOWNTO 0); -- LED control signals (1=on, 0=off)
 
         -- AXI4-Stream Slave Interface (Audio Input)
-        s_axis_tvalid : IN STD_LOGIC;                                      -- Input data valid signal
-        s_axis_tdata : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0);  -- Audio sample input
-        s_axis_tlast : IN STD_LOGIC;                                       -- Channel indicator (0=right, 1=left)
-        s_axis_tready : OUT STD_LOGIC                                      -- Always ready to accept data
+        s_axis_tvalid : IN STD_LOGIC; -- Input data valid signal
+        s_axis_tdata : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0); -- Audio sample input
+        s_axis_tlast : IN STD_LOGIC; -- Channel indicator (0=right, 1=left)
+        s_axis_tready : OUT STD_LOGIC -- Always ready to accept data
     );
 END led_level_controller;
 
 ARCHITECTURE Behavioral OF led_level_controller IS
 
-    -- Calculate number of clock cycles for LED refresh timing
-    -- Example: 1ms refresh at 100MHz = (1*1,000,000)/10 = 100,000 cycles
-    CONSTANT REFRESH_CYCLES : NATURAL := (refresh_time_ms * 1_000_000) / clock_period_ns;
+    -- Calculate clock cycles needed for LED refresh timing
+    CONSTANT REFRESH_CYCLES : INTEGER := (refresh_time_ms * 1_000_000) / clock_period_ns - 1;
 
-    -- Audio processing signals
-    SIGNAL volume_value : signed(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0');           -- Current audio sample (signed)
-    SIGNAL abs_audio_left : unsigned(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 2 DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0');      -- Absolute value of left channel
-    SIGNAL abs_audio_right : unsigned(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 2 DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0');     -- Absolute value of right channel
+    -- Calculate the number of bits needed to represent the number of LEDs
+    CONSTANT NUMLEDS_BITS : INTEGER := INTEGER(ceil(log2(real(NUM_LEDS))));
 
-    -- LED control signals
-    SIGNAL leds_int : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(NUM_LEDS - 1 DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0');          -- Internal LED state
-    SIGNAL led_update : STD_LOGIC := '0';                                                    -- Trigger for LED refresh
+    -- LED refresh timing control signals
+    SIGNAL refresh_counter : INTEGER RANGE 0 TO REFRESH_CYCLES := 0; -- Counts clock cycles between LED updates
+    SIGNAL refresh_tick : STD_LOGIC := '0'; -- Pulse signal generated every refresh period
 
-    -- Timing control
-    SIGNAL refresh_counter : NATURAL RANGE 0 TO REFRESH_CYCLES - 1 := 0;                   -- Counter for refresh timing
+    -- Audio amplitude storage for both stereo channels
+    -- Stores absolute values (magnitude) of left and right audio channels
+    SIGNAL abs_l : UNSIGNED(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0'); -- Absolute left channel amplitude registers
+    SIGNAL combined_amp : UNSIGNED(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0'); -- Combined amplitude for LED level calculation
 
 BEGIN
 
-    -- Connect internal signals to output ports
-    led <= leds_int;           -- Drive external LEDs with internal state
-    s_axis_tready <= '1';      -- Always ready to accept audio data (no backpressure)
+    -- Always ready for AXI4-Stream input
+    s_axis_tready <= '1';
 
-    -- Audio sample processing and absolute value calculation
-    -- Converts signed audio samples to unsigned absolute values for level detection
+    -- Capture absolute value of input sample for left/right channel
     PROCESS (aclk)
-        VARIABLE sdata_signed : signed(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0);    -- Temporary signed audio value
-        VARIABLE abs_value : unsigned(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0);     -- Temporary absolute value
     BEGIN
 
         IF rising_edge(aclk) THEN
 
             IF aresetn = '0' THEN
-                -- Reset: Clear all audio processing signals
-                volume_value <= (OTHERS => '0');      -- Clear current sample
-                abs_audio_left <= (OTHERS => '0');    -- Clear left channel level
-                abs_audio_right <= (OTHERS => '0');   -- Clear right channel level
+                -- Reset: Clear both channel amplitude registers
+                abs_l <= (OTHERS => '0');
+                combined_amp <= (OTHERS => '0');
 
             ELSIF s_axis_tvalid = '1' THEN
-                -- Process new audio sample when valid data is available
-                sdata_signed := signed(s_axis_tdata);  -- Convert input to signed format
-                volume_value <= sdata_signed;          -- Store current sample
+                -- Valid audio data received: Process the sample
 
-                -- Absolute value calculation for amplitude detection
-                -- Handle two's complement signed numbers correctly
-                IF sdata_signed(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 1) = '1' THEN
-                    -- Negative number: Take two's complement to get absolute value
-                    abs_value := unsigned(-sdata_signed);
-                ELSE
-                    -- Positive number: Direct conversion to unsigned
-                    abs_value := unsigned(sdata_signed);
-                END IF;
-
-                -- Channel assignment based on tlast signal
-                -- Note: Channel assignment appears reversed from typical convention
+                -- Channel routing based on AXI4-Stream tlast signal
+                -- tlast = '1' indicates right channel, tlast = '0' indicates left channel
                 IF s_axis_tlast = '1' THEN
-                    -- tlast = '1': Assign to left channel
-                    abs_audio_left <= abs_value(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 2 DOWNTO 0);
+                    -- Right channel: Combine left and right channel amplitudes
+                    -- RESIZE ensures the sum fits within the variable's bit width.
+                    -- There isn't data loss since both abs_l and abs(s_axis_tdata) are one bit shorter than combined_amp,
+                    -- due to the absolute value operation.
+                    combined_amp <= RESIZE(abs_l + UNSIGNED(ABS(SIGNED(s_axis_tdata))), combined_amp'LENGTH);
+
                 ELSE
-                    -- tlast = '0': Assign to right channel  
-                    abs_audio_right <= abs_value(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 2 DOWNTO 0);
+                    -- Left channel: Store absolute value of audio sample
+                    abs_l <= UNSIGNED(ABS(SIGNED(s_axis_tdata)));
+
                 END IF;
 
             END IF;
@@ -99,27 +86,27 @@ BEGIN
 
     END PROCESS;
 
-    -- LED refresh timing control
-    -- Generates periodic update signals for smooth LED display updates
+    -- LED refresh tick generator
     PROCESS (aclk)
     BEGIN
 
         IF rising_edge(aclk) THEN
 
             IF aresetn = '0' THEN
-                -- Reset timing control
-                refresh_counter <= 0;      -- Clear refresh counter
-                led_update <= '0';         -- Clear update trigger
-
-            ELSIF refresh_counter = REFRESH_CYCLES - 1 THEN
-                -- End of refresh period: Trigger LED update
-                refresh_counter <= 0;      -- Reset counter for next period
-                led_update <= '1';         -- Set update trigger
+                -- Reset: Initialize counter and tick signal
+                refresh_counter <= 0;
+                refresh_tick <= '0';
 
             ELSE
-                -- Continue counting refresh period
-                refresh_counter <= refresh_counter + 1;  -- Increment counter
-                led_update <= '0';                       -- Clear update trigger
+                IF refresh_counter = REFRESH_CYCLES THEN
+                    refresh_counter <= 0;
+                    refresh_tick <= '1';
+
+                ELSE
+                    refresh_counter <= refresh_counter + 1;
+                    refresh_tick <= '0';
+
+                END IF;
 
             END IF;
 
@@ -127,56 +114,46 @@ BEGIN
 
     END PROCESS;
 
-    -- LED level calculation and bar graph generation
-    -- Combines left and right channel levels and maps to LED array
+    -- LED level calculation and bar graph generation process
+    -- Combines left and right channel amplitudes and converts to LED display pattern
+    -- Updates only when refresh_tick is active to maintain stable visual display
     PROCESS (aclk)
-        VARIABLE leds_on : NATURAL RANGE 0 TO NUM_LEDS;                      -- Number of LEDs to illuminate
-        VARIABLE temp_led_level : INTEGER RANGE 0 TO NUM_LEDS;               -- Calculated LED level
-        VARIABLE abs_audio_sum : unsigned(CHANNEL_LENGHT - 1 DOWNTO 0);     -- Combined channel amplitude
+
+        VARIABLE led_level : INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 2 ** NUMLEDS_BITS := 0;
+
     BEGIN
 
         IF rising_edge(aclk) THEN
 
             IF aresetn = '0' THEN
-                -- Reset: Turn off all LEDs
-                leds_int <= (OTHERS => '0');
+                -- Reset: Turn off all LEDs and reset level counter
+                led <= (OTHERS => '0');
 
-            ELSIF led_update = '1' THEN
-                -- Update LED display when refresh trigger is active
+            ELSIF refresh_tick = '1' THEN
+                -- LED update cycle: Calculate new LED pattern based on audio amplitude
 
-                -- Combine left and right channel amplitudes
-                -- Resize both channels to full width before addition to prevent overflow
-                abs_audio_sum := resize(abs_audio_left, CHANNEL_LENGHT) + resize(abs_audio_right, CHANNEL_LENGHT);
-
-                -- Level calculation with automatic sensitivity scaling
-                IF (abs_audio_left = 0 AND abs_audio_right = 0) THEN
-                    -- Silence: No LEDs illuminated
-                    temp_led_level := 0;
+                -- Linear scale to LED level conversion to get the best visual effect
+                IF combined_amp = 0 THEN
+                    led_level := 0; -- No audio signal, turn off all LEDs
 
                 ELSE
-                    -- Audio present: Calculate LED level using logarithmic-like scaling
-                    -- Right shift by (CHANNEL_LENGHT - 4) provides automatic sensitivity adjustment
-                    -- The "1 +" ensures at least one LED is on when audio is present
-                    -- Shift amount determines sensitivity: larger shift = less sensitive
-                    temp_led_level := 1 + to_integer(shift_right(abs_audio_sum, CHANNEL_LENGHT - 4));
+                    led_level := 1 + to_integer(shift_right(combined_amp, CHANNEL_LENGHT - NUMLEDS_BITS));
 
                 END IF;
 
-                -- Limit LED level to available LEDs (prevent array overflow)
-                IF temp_led_level > NUM_LEDS THEN
-                    leds_on := NUM_LEDS;           -- Cap at maximum LEDs
-                ELSE
-                    leds_on := temp_led_level;     -- Use calculated level
+                -- Saturation protection: Limit LED level to maximum available LEDs
+                -- Prevents overflow and ensures the LED index stays within bounds.
+                IF led_level > NUM_LEDS THEN
+                    led_level := NUM_LEDS;
+
                 END IF;
 
-                -- Generate bar graph pattern: illuminate LEDs from 0 to (leds_on-1)
-                -- This creates a classic audio level meter appearance
-                leds_int <= (OTHERS => '0');      -- Start with all LEDs off
+                -- Update LED output based on calculated level
+                led <= (OTHERS => '0');
+
+                IF led_level > 0 THEN
+                    led(led_level - 1 DOWNTO 0) <= (OTHERS => '1');
 
-                IF leds_on > 0 THEN
-                    -- Turn on LEDs from index 0 up to (leds_on-1)
-                    -- Creates solid bar from bottom to current level
-                    leds_int(leds_on - 1 DOWNTO 0) <= (OTHERS => '1');
                 END IF;
 
             END IF;
@@ -185,18 +162,4 @@ BEGIN
 
     END PROCESS;
 
-    -- LED Level Meter Operation Summary:
-    -- 1. Continuously samples stereo audio data
-    -- 2. Calculates absolute value (amplitude) for each channel
-    -- 3. Combines left and right channels for total signal strength
-    -- 4. Updates LED display at regular intervals (refresh_time_ms)
-    -- 5. Maps audio amplitude to number of illuminated LEDs
-    -- 6. Creates bar graph visualization with automatic sensitivity scaling
-    --
-    -- Leds Behavior:
-    -- - No audio: All LEDs off
-    -- - Low audio: Few LEDs illuminated (bottom of bar)
-    -- - High audio: Many LEDs illuminated (full bar)
-    -- - Overload: All LEDs illuminated (maximum indication)
-
 END Behavioral;

LAB3/src/moving_average_filter.vhd

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
 USE ieee.numeric_std.ALL;
 
 -- Entity: moving_average_filter
--- Purpose: Implements a finite impulse response (FIR) low-pass filter using moving average
+-- Purpose: Implements a moving average filter for audio data
 --          Maintains separate circular buffers for left and right audio channels
 --          Filter order is configurable as 2^(FILTER_ORDER_POWER) samples
 ENTITY moving_average_filter IS
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ ENTITY moving_average_filter IS
 
         -- AXI4-Stream Slave Interface (Audio Input)
         s_axis_tvalid : IN STD_LOGIC;                                      -- Input data valid signal
-        s_axis_tdata : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);    -- Audio sample input
+        s_axis_tdata : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);      -- Audio sample input
         s_axis_tlast : IN STD_LOGIC;                                       -- Channel indicator (0=left, 1=right)
         s_axis_tready : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                     -- Ready to accept input data
 
         -- AXI4-Stream Master Interface (Audio Output)
         m_axis_tvalid : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                     -- Output data valid signal
-        m_axis_tdata : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);   -- Filtered audio sample output
+        m_axis_tdata : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);     -- Filtered audio sample output
         m_axis_tlast : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                      -- Channel indicator passthrough
         m_axis_tready : IN STD_LOGIC                                       -- Downstream ready signal
     );
@@ -42,14 +42,14 @@ ARCHITECTURE Behavioral OF moving_average_filter IS
     TYPE sample_array IS ARRAY (0 TO FILTER_ORDER - 1) OF signed(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);
 
     -- Right channel (RX) processing signals
-    SIGNAL samples_rx : sample_array := (OTHERS => (OTHERS => '0'));                        -- Circular buffer for right channel samples
+    SIGNAL samples_rx : sample_array := (OTHERS => (OTHERS => '0'));                          -- Circular buffer for right channel samples
     SIGNAL sum_rx : signed(TDATA_WIDTH + FILTER_ORDER_POWER - 1 DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0'); -- Running sum of right channel samples
-    SIGNAL wr_ptr_rx : INTEGER RANGE 0 TO FILTER_ORDER - 1 := 0;                            -- Write pointer for right channel buffer
+    SIGNAL wr_ptr_rx : INTEGER RANGE 0 TO FILTER_ORDER - 1 := 0;                              -- Write pointer for right channel buffer
 
     -- Left channel (LX) processing signals
-    SIGNAL samples_lx : sample_array := (OTHERS => (OTHERS => '0'));                        -- Circular buffer for left channel samples
+    SIGNAL samples_lx : sample_array := (OTHERS => (OTHERS => '0'));                          -- Circular buffer for left channel samples
     SIGNAL sum_lx : signed(TDATA_WIDTH + FILTER_ORDER_POWER - 1 DOWNTO 0) := (OTHERS => '0'); -- Running sum of left channel samples
-    SIGNAL wr_ptr_lx : INTEGER RANGE 0 TO FILTER_ORDER - 1 := 0;                            -- Write pointer for left channel buffer
+    SIGNAL wr_ptr_lx : INTEGER RANGE 0 TO FILTER_ORDER - 1 := 0;                              -- Write pointer for left channel buffer
 
     -- Control and interface signals
     SIGNAL trigger : STD_LOGIC := '0';           -- Trigger signal to indicate when to output filtered data

LAB3/src/moving_average_filter_en.vhd

@@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ ENTITY moving_average_filter_en IS
 
         -- AXI4-Stream Slave Interface (Audio Input)
         s_axis_tvalid : IN STD_LOGIC;                                      -- Input data valid signal
-        s_axis_tdata : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);    -- Audio sample input
+        s_axis_tdata : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);      -- Audio sample input
         s_axis_tlast : IN STD_LOGIC;                                       -- Channel indicator (0=left, 1=right)
         s_axis_tready : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                     -- Ready to accept input data
 
         -- AXI4-Stream Master Interface (Audio Output)
         m_axis_tvalid : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                     -- Output data valid signal
-        m_axis_tdata : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);   -- Audio sample output (filtered or unfiltered)
+        m_axis_tdata : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);     -- Audio sample output (filtered or unfiltered)
         m_axis_tlast : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                      -- Channel indicator passthrough
         m_axis_tready : IN STD_LOGIC;                                      -- Downstream ready signal
 

LAB3/src/volume_controller.vhd

@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ ENTITY volume_controller IS
 
         -- AXI4-Stream Slave Interface (Audio Input)
         s_axis_tvalid : IN STD_LOGIC;                                      -- Input data valid signal
-        s_axis_tdata : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);    -- Audio sample input
+        s_axis_tdata : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);      -- Audio sample input
         s_axis_tlast : IN STD_LOGIC;                                       -- Channel indicator (0=left, 1=right)
         s_axis_tready : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                     -- Ready to accept input data
 
         -- AXI4-Stream Master Interface (Audio Output)
         m_axis_tvalid : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                     -- Output data valid signal
-        m_axis_tdata : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);   -- Audio sample output (volume adjusted)
+        m_axis_tdata : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);     -- Audio sample output (volume adjusted)
         m_axis_tlast : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                      -- Channel indicator passthrough
         m_axis_tready : IN STD_LOGIC;                                      -- Downstream ready signal
 
@@ -98,10 +98,10 @@ ARCHITECTURE Behavioral OF volume_controller IS
 
     -- Internal AXI4-Stream signals between multiplier and saturator
     -- These signals carry the wide multiplication results before saturation
-    SIGNAL int_axis_tvalid : STD_LOGIC;                                                                         -- Valid signal between stages
-    SIGNAL int_axis_tready : STD_LOGIC;                                                                         -- Ready signal between stages
+    SIGNAL int_axis_tvalid : STD_LOGIC;                                                                           -- Valid signal between stages
+    SIGNAL int_axis_tready : STD_LOGIC;                                                                           -- Ready signal between stages
     SIGNAL int_axis_tdata : STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 + 2 ** (VOLUME_WIDTH - VOLUME_STEP_2 - 1) DOWNTO 0); -- Wide data between stages
-    SIGNAL int_axis_tlast : STD_LOGIC;                                                                          -- Channel indicator between stages
+    SIGNAL int_axis_tlast : STD_LOGIC;                                                                            -- Channel indicator between stages
 
 BEGIN
 

LAB3/src/volume_multiplier.vhd

@@ -19,15 +19,15 @@ ENTITY volume_multiplier IS
 
         -- AXI4-Stream Slave Interface (Audio Input)
         s_axis_tvalid : IN STD_LOGIC;                                      -- Input data valid signal
-        s_axis_tdata : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);    -- Audio sample input
+        s_axis_tdata : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);      -- Audio sample input
         s_axis_tlast : IN STD_LOGIC;                                       -- Channel indicator (0=left, 1=right)
         s_axis_tready : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                     -- Ready to accept input data
 
         -- AXI4-Stream Master Interface (Audio Output with extended width)
-        m_axis_tvalid : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                                                         -- Output data valid signal
+        m_axis_tvalid : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                                                           -- Output data valid signal
         m_axis_tdata : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 + 2 ** (VOLUME_WIDTH - VOLUME_STEP_2 - 1) DOWNTO 0); -- Extended width output data
-        m_axis_tlast : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                                                          -- Channel indicator passthrough
-        m_axis_tready : IN STD_LOGIC;                                                                          -- Downstream ready signal
+        m_axis_tlast : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                                                            -- Channel indicator passthrough
+        m_axis_tready : IN STD_LOGIC;                                                                            -- Downstream ready signal
 
         -- Volume control input
         volume : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(VOLUME_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0)  -- Volume level (0=minimum, 1023=maximum)
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ END volume_multiplier;
 ARCHITECTURE Behavioral OF volume_multiplier IS
 
     -- Calculate volume control parameters based on generics
-    CONSTANT VOLUME_STEPS : INTEGER := (2 ** (VOLUME_WIDTH - 1)) / (2 ** VOLUME_STEP_2) + 1; -- Number of volume steps (9 steps for 10-bit)
+    CONSTANT VOLUME_STEPS : INTEGER := (2 ** (VOLUME_WIDTH - 1)) / (2 ** VOLUME_STEP_2) + 1;  -- Number of volume steps (9 steps for 10-bit)
     CONSTANT VOL_MID : INTEGER := 2 ** (VOLUME_WIDTH - 1);                                    -- Center volume position (512 for 10-bit)
     CONSTANT DEAD_ZONE : INTEGER := (2 ** VOLUME_STEP_2) / 2;                                 -- Dead zone around center (32 for step size 64)
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ BEGIN
 
     -- Volume to exponent conversion process
     -- Converts joystick y-axis position to bit-shift amount for exponential volume scaling
-    PROCESS (aclk)
+    VOLUME_CALC : PROCESS (aclk)
     BEGIN
 
         IF rising_edge(aclk) THEN
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ BEGIN
                 -- volume = 0-479:    Negative exponent (attenuation, right shift)
                 -- volume = 480-543:  Zero exponent (unity gain, dead zone)
                 -- volume = 544-1023: Positive exponent (amplification, left shift)
+                
                 volume_exp_mult <= to_integer(
                     shift_right(
                         signed('0' & volume) - to_signed(VOL_MID - DEAD_ZONE, volume'length + 1),
@@ -89,11 +90,11 @@ BEGIN
 
         END IF;
 
-    END PROCESS;
+    END PROCESS VOLUME_CALC;
 
     -- AXI4-Stream data processing
     -- Applies exponential volume scaling using bit-shifting multiplication
-    PROCESS (aclk)
+    AXIS : PROCESS (aclk)
     BEGIN
 
         IF rising_edge(aclk) THEN
@@ -155,7 +156,7 @@ BEGIN
 
         END IF;
 
-    END PROCESS;
+    END PROCESS AXIS;
 
     -- Example scaling factors (VOLUME_STEP_2 = 6, 64 values per step):
     -- volume_exp_mult = -3: Divide by 8 (>>3)

LAB3/src/volume_saturator.vhd

@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ ENTITY volume_saturator IS
         aresetn : IN STD_LOGIC;     -- Active-low asynchronous reset
 
         -- AXI4-Stream Slave Interface (Extended width input from multiplier)
-        s_axis_tvalid : IN STD_LOGIC;                                                                         -- Input data valid signal
+        s_axis_tvalid : IN STD_LOGIC;                                                                           -- Input data valid signal
         s_axis_tdata : IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 + 2 ** (VOLUME_WIDTH - VOLUME_STEP_2 - 1) DOWNTO 0); -- Wide input data from multiplier
-        s_axis_tlast : IN STD_LOGIC;                                                                          -- Channel indicator (0=left, 1=right)
-        s_axis_tready : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                                                        -- Ready to accept input data
+        s_axis_tlast : IN STD_LOGIC;                                                                            -- Channel indicator (0=left, 1=right)
+        s_axis_tready : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                                                          -- Ready to accept input data
 
         -- AXI4-Stream Master Interface (Original width output for audio)
         m_axis_tvalid : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                     -- Output data valid signal
-        m_axis_tdata : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);   -- Saturated audio sample output
+        m_axis_tdata : OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(TDATA_WIDTH - 1 DOWNTO 0);     -- Saturated audio sample output
         m_axis_tlast : OUT STD_LOGIC;                                      -- Channel indicator passthrough
         m_axis_tready : IN STD_LOGIC                                       -- Downstream ready signal
     );
@@ -82,12 +82,10 @@ BEGIN
                     
                     IF signed(s_axis_tdata) > signed(HIGHER_BOUND_VEC) THEN
                         -- Positive overflow: Clip to maximum positive value
-                        -- This prevents "wraparound" distortion from mathematical overflow
                         m_axis_tdata <= HIGHER_BOUND_VEC;
 
                     ELSIF signed(s_axis_tdata) < signed(LOWER_BOUND_VEC) THEN
                         -- Negative overflow: Clip to maximum negative value
-                        -- This prevents "wraparound" distortion from mathematical underflow
                         m_axis_tdata <= LOWER_BOUND_VEC;
 
                     ELSE
@@ -109,11 +107,4 @@ BEGIN
 
     END PROCESS;
 
-    -- Saturation Purpose and Benefits:
-    -- 1. Prevents audio distortion from mathematical overflow
-    -- 2. Maintains audio dynamic range within valid bit representation
-    -- 3. Reduces wide multiplication results back to standard audio format
-    -- 4. Provides "soft limiting" behavior for volume control
-    -- 5. Ensures compatibility with downstream audio processing blocks
-
 END Behavioral;

LAB3/vivado/lab3/lab3.xpr

@@ -137,12 +137,6 @@
           <Attr Name="UsedIn" Val="simulation"/>
         </FileInfo>
       </File>
-      <File Path="$PPRDIR/../../src/digilent_jstk2.vhd">
-        <FileInfo>
-          <Attr Name="UsedIn" Val="synthesis"/>
-          <Attr Name="UsedIn" Val="simulation"/>
-        </FileInfo>
-      </File>
       <File Path="$PPRDIR/../../src/all_pass_filter.vhd">
         <FileInfo>
           <Attr Name="UsedIn" Val="synthesis"/>
@@ -167,6 +161,12 @@
           <Attr Name="UsedIn" Val="simulation"/>
         </FileInfo>
       </File>
+      <File Path="$PPRDIR/../../src/digilent_jstk2.vhd">
+        <FileInfo>
+          <Attr Name="UsedIn" Val="synthesis"/>
+          <Attr Name="UsedIn" Val="simulation"/>
+        </FileInfo>
+      </File>
       <File Path="$PPRDIR/../../design/lab_3/lab_3.bd">
         <FileInfo>
           <Attr Name="UsedIn" Val="synthesis"/>
@@ -180,13 +180,6 @@
           <Attr Name="UsedIn" Val="simulation"/>
         </FileInfo>
       </File>
-      <File Path="$PPRDIR/../../src/jstk_uart_bridge.vhd">
-        <FileInfo>
-          <Attr Name="AutoDisabled" Val="1"/>
-          <Attr Name="UsedIn" Val="synthesis"/>
-          <Attr Name="UsedIn" Val="simulation"/>
-        </FileInfo>
-      </File>
       <Config>
         <Option Name="DesignMode" Val="RTL"/>
         <Option Name="TopModule" Val="lab_3_wrapper"/>